Are museums displaying fakes? (2024)

It looked like the perfect heist. In March 2019, thieves crept into the church of Santa Maria Maddalena in the southern Italian town of Castelnuovo Magra. They smashed a glass vitrine with a hammer, grabbed a famous painting by a 17th Century Flemish artist, hopped in a car and made their escape.

The police, though, weren’t worried in the slightest. They had received a tip that the painting in question, The Crucifixion by Pieter Brueghel the Younger, was being targeted by thieves. So they had plotted with the local mayor and church officials to switch the original with a copy.

It wasn’t a particularly good copy. Even members of the church congregation, with no training in art history, recognised that a fake had been installed, but they chose to keep quiet.

The robbers weren’t quite as observant. Instead of bagging a masterpiece worth several million euros, they ended up with a worthless copy. And they’d been observed on security cameras, so it was a simple matter for the police to later arrest them.

This little caper provides a glimpse of a wider question that often haunts museum and gallery visitors. Are the works on display always the originals?

Even the world’s most famous painting has its doubters. Many a conspiracy theorist has posited that the real Mona Lisa – hanging in the Louvre, in Paris, and photographed and shared on social media daily – is not in fact the original.

This doubt first began after a 1930s newspaper article claimed six copies of the painting had been produced and sold to gullible, wealthy American collectors, each of whom believed they had the original. The story was fake news, but the legend stuck.

It was later reinforced thanks to stories during the Second World War about French authorities saving the real Mona Lisa from being stolen by the Nazis. Convincing copies were produced and distributed all over France in an effort to lead Hitler's henchmen on a wild goose chase.

Modern-day art galleries also replicate copies of originals. In 2019 the Albertina Museum in Vienna staged a blockbuster show of Albrecht Dürer’s works. What made the exhibition so special was that it featured original Dürer drawings and watercolours – normally kept in storage and reserved for researchers since prolonged exposure to light risks fading them.

Are museums displaying fakes? (1)

Credit: Artur Matosyan

These originals are exhibited only for a few months every five years. The rest of the time excellent, immaculately precise copies are displayed instead. However, visitors will struggle to find labels that admit this is the case.

This is common practice, though, particularly for drawings and watercolours which are damaged by extended exposure to light or, worst of all, camera flashes.

Some visitors will be surprised at the level of deception. Dippy, the Diplodocus who was displayed for 38 years at London’s Natural History Museum, for example, is one of ten replicas, not the original fossils. At Albrecht Dürer’s House – the artist’s former home in the German city of Nuremberg and now a museum – there is not a single original work to be seen; only modern copies.

Opting for copies is often a question of fragility, but sometimes about accessibility. An exhibition of Leonardo da Vinci’s flying machines, for example, must, by definition, show modern models since no originals exist. Even pages from the Italian genius’s notebooks are copies since originals risk being damaged by light. And yet, visitors would rightly feel hard done by had they bought a ticket and failed to see one original work.

Occasionally the rationale behind reproductions makes perfect sense. In the 1990s, near a village called Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, in southeastern France, archaeologists discovered a huge cave decorated with Palaeolithic cave paintings. Determined to preserve these vital works of art intact, they closed the cave to the public and built a replica cave nearby instead, complete with facsimile cave paintings. Previously discovered caves had taught them that cave paintings can be damaged by the exhalations of human visitors, and by microbes from the outside world. Archaeologists weren't going to make the same mistake again. Nowadays, only small groups of scholars, over short periods of time, are permitted inside the real cave.

Are museums displaying fakes? (2)

Credit: Pavel Nekoranec

Another reason to exhibit copies instead of originals is the prohibitively high price of insurance premiums.

Museums that cannot afford insurance might squirrel away the originals in storage, making them accessible only for scholars.

Does it all really matter, though? If you can barely distinguish originals from high-quality copies, what’s the big deal?

One answer is that visitors expect museums and galleries to be forthright, and to present authentic works to us, for our interest, education and enlightenment. Nobody likes to feel they’ve been duped. Museums are morally obliged to clarify what is original and what is not, even if that results in fewer visitors.

Imagine travelling to Paris to view the Eiffel Tower, and being presented with a plastic, 3D-printed replica erected in place of the original. You'd be outraged; even if, from a distance, you couldn’t tell the difference.

Some exceptional art also radiates a feeling of mysticism. German critic Walter Benjamin once explained how there is an aura surrounding great works of art that we cannot explain, but that we simply feel.

Nevertheless, certain museums revel in the fakery. Amsterdam’s Van Gogh Museum, for example, will sell you a set of 3D-printed replicas of nine of their most famous Van Gogh works. Each one features all the finest details of the painter’s heavy impasto brushwork.

As the museum website boasts: “The reproductions are of such high quality that it is almost impossible to distinguish them from the originals with the naked eye.”

The gravest danger of all is that schemes like this will become so commonplace that visitors will eventually settle for quality copies and no longer bother with originals.

Are museums displaying fakes? (2024)

FAQs

Are museum exhibits real? ›

Unless it says otherwise, yes! Sometimes exhibits have labels saying, 'a model of… ' or an 'artist's impression of …' but as a general rule all artefacts are genuine and many say where they were found or who donated them. this is, of course, assuming you're visiting a recognised museum.

How accurate are museums? ›

Museums, zoos, and aquariums are highly trusted to produce and output content and information. They are viewed as expert, factual, and impartial – more so than government agencies and even daily newspapers.

Does the Louvre display originals? ›

The Louvre is one of the world's premier art museums, and as such, it houses a large number of both copies and originals. It is possible that some of the paintings are originals, while others are copies, but without more information it is impossible to say for certain.

Are paintings in museums behind glass? ›

Special Glass

While you may think protective glass lives only directly in front of a piece of art, a museum's first line of defense against UV rays is often in its windows, which are treated with a special UV-blocking coating—though many museums opt to avoid having windows near their art at all.

Is the Mona Lisa displayed real? ›

The original Mona Lisa is on permanent display at the the Musee du Louvre in Paris. "The original Mona Lisa in the Louvre is difficult to see — it's covered with layers of varnish, which has darkened over the decades and the centuries, and even cracked," Bailey says.

Is The Mona Lisa a replica? ›

Answer and Explanation: The Mona Lisa on display at the Louvre in Paris is an original painting of Leonardo da Vinci.

Why are cameras not allowed in museums? ›

First, camera flashes, which emit intense light, are believed to hurt paintings and the patina of delicate objects. Eliminating flashes, even inadvertent ones, keeps paintings in pristine shape and reduces expensive restoration costs.

Do museums put up real paintings? ›

And Natural History museums often use replicas in their displays. But art museums hang the original paintings precisely so that people can go to view those originals.

How do museums choose what to display? ›

Curators are also responsible for finding works to place in their permanent collections. In addition to their own research, recommendations for artists and specific works are made to curators by other curators, dealers, collectors, and artists they know.

Do museums use replica paintings? ›

Many museums have fake or replicas of art. The reasons for this vary, but often it is because the original is too fragile to be on display, or it is too valuable to be loaned out. In some cases, the museum may not be able to afford the real thing, so they settle for a replica.

What happened to the guy who threw cake at the Mona Lisa? ›

Another video showed someone clearing the cake off the glass protecting the Mona Lisa, as onlookers held up their phones to film the incident's aftermath. The 36-year-old man was detained and sent to a psychiatric unit, according to the AP.

Was The Da Vinci Code filmed in the Louvre? ›

While the book of the "Da Vinci Code" may have attracted some extra visitors to the museum, more dramatic results are expected after spring 2006, when a movie based on the novel is released. The movie stars Tom Hanks and Audrey Tautou, and was shot partly in the Louvre, where the curator is discovered murdered.

Can you touch paintings in museums? ›

Sadly, it is rarely appropriate for galleries to invite viewers to touch works of art. While there are some limited exceptions (eg; works deliberately intended to be handled or added to by viewers), the general rule in an art gallery is “please do not touch”.

What happens if you break an art piece in a museum? ›

After a work of art is damaged, a gallery or institution will fill out an incident report, which documents what exactly happened and who was involved. In the vast majority of cases, a visitor like Kinney who breaks an artwork by mistake won't be held accountable for paying for the repair or the value of the work.

What should you not do in an art museum? ›

While at the Museum
  • Please do not touch or lean on objects or display cases.
  • Please remain at least two feet away from all objects.
  • No food or beverages in the galleries.
  • Please use only pencils for note taking.
  • Gallery Attendants reserve the right to inspect all bags, boxes, or packages upon entry and exit.

Where is the original Last Supper painting? ›

One of the world's most famous and fascinating paintings - much analysed, admired and often the subject of books and films - Leonardo da Vinci's Cenacolo (The Last Supper) is located in Milano, in the refectory of the Dominican convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie. It is one of UNESCO's World Heritage sites.

How much is a Mona Lisa worth? ›

The Mona Lisa is priceless. Any speculative price (some say over a billion dollars!) would probably be so high that not one person would be able or willing to purchase and maintain the painting. Moreover, the Louvre Museum would probably never sell it.

Where was the Mona Lisa found after it was stolen? ›

Two years after it was stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece The Mona Lisa is recovered inside Italian waiter Vincenzo Peruggia's hotel room in Florence.

Why do museums use replicas? ›

Replicas work well in museum settings because they have the ability to look so real and accurate that people can feel the authentic feelings that they are supposed to get from the originals.

Is it illegal to recreate the Mona Lisa? ›

** Mona Lisa is in the public domain and free to be exploited, explaining its reproduction on everything from postcards to coffee mugs, with no legal repercussions. Artistic replicas and reinterpretations as a whole – demonstrating adequate modification – are considered new works eligible for copyright protection.

How many times has the Mona Lisa been replicated? ›

Actually, there's at least four different versions painted by Leonardo da Vinci and his students. But the one we all know and love is at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. The others can be found at the Prado Museum and in numerous private collections.

Why can't you touch art in a museum? ›

First and foremost, touching a work of art makes it dirty. Fingerprints leave deposits of oil, dirt, skin cells, and other debris on a surface. Porous surfaces like wood, stone, bronze, bone, paper, textiles (including the canvas of paintings), and ceramics can easily absorb oil and grime.

Is it OK to take photos in a museum? ›

Be sure to check for any photography restrictions; most museums have a no flash policy when photographing artwork. You don't want to be asked to leave because you wanted to brighten up the art with a potentially damaging camera flash.

Why can't you take flash pictures in museums? ›

Museums generally cite concerns that camera flashes can damage the pigments in paintings. Some pigments are indeed sensitive to light, which speeds up chemical reactions that break them down. As a result, the lighting in museums and galleries is carefully controlled to minimise damage.

Who can tell if a painting is real? ›

One another way to look for the originality of a painting is to look for an authenticity certificate. The artist, an art news organization, or a gallery owner usually issues these. They verify if a quality process has been followed and that the piece is not a fake or perfect reproduction.

How do you know if art is real? ›

How to Identify Genuine Art
  1. Try to Find the Original Signature of the Artist. This is actually the easiest way to identify a genuine piece of art. ...
  2. Check the Painting Using a Magnifying Glass. ...
  3. Look Out for a Textured Surface. ...
  4. Look for Rough Surfaces in Watercolour Paintings. ...
  5. Check for Rough Edges in Canvas Paintings.

What is the largest art theft in US history? ›

The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Heist is easily the biggest art theft in history. It occurred on March 18, 1990, when two thieves posing as Boston police officers broke into the museum and made off with 13 works.

Why do museums digitize? ›

Why digitize? Digital images are used for collections management, in research, to prepare catalogues and to promote exhibits and events. Most importantly, however, is the value of a digitized object that has been placed online in an accessible manner.

What is the difference between exhibition and display? ›

On display simply means "being shown": The new televisions are on display in the store. Exhibit A means "a perfect example": I use myself as exhibit A of laziness.

Do museums pay to display art? ›

The short answer, little to nothing. Museums acquire works from a variety of sources, but a majority of the collection is either donated or loaned from private collections. This means the museum receives the item for nothing and is charged with the responsibility of protecting and displaying it.

Are fossils in museums real? ›

Most of the prehistoric skeletons you see in museums are lightweight models built by attaching replicas of the real fossil bones to steel frames. The model skeletons show the bones in good condition, with no missing or broken parts. Clues found on the real fossil bones help scientists put together these models.

Are any real dinosaur bones on display? ›

Are the Dinosaur Fossils on Display Real? About 75% of the more than 230 objects on display are original fossils from one of the finest paleontological collections in the world, and most of the exhibition's dinosaur skeletons are real, not replicas.

Are the skeletons in the National history museum real? ›

All of the fossils that we work on in FossiLab are real. The Last American Dinosaurs exhibit that surrounds the lab includes both real fossils and precise replicas of fossils. You can tell the replicas because they are labeled as "casts." Why do we exhibit casts?

Do museums pay artists for exhibits? ›

Artists are usually the ones seeking out the opportunity so it's an exchange…the artist gets exposure and the museum or gallery gets a percentage if the art sells. Galleries and museums do seek out artists too of course, but even then, they don't pay them to actually exhibit their work.

Do museums put real dinosaur bones on display? ›

The good news is that many natural history museums use a combination of real bones and casts in the majority of their dinosaur displays these days. Also, if a specimen is predominantly composed of fossil casts, the museum usually labels them as such.

What does the Bible say about dinosaurs? ›

According to the Bible, dinosaurs must have been created by God on the sixth day of creation. Genesis 1:24 says, “And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.”

Are dinosaurs in museums real bones? ›

The "dinosaur bones" that you see on display at the Museum aren't really bones at all. Through the process of fossilization, ancient animal bones are turned into rock.

Do dinosaur bones still have DNA? ›

DNA survives a maximum of one to 1.5 million years, so forget about dinosaurs!” says Llamas. To date, the oldest DNA found and extracted was from mammoth specimen that was potentially up to 1.6 million years old.

Are the dinosaur bones at Disney real? ›

As you enter The Dino Institute, you will find real fossils that date back to the Dinosaur age. There are exhibits with narration by Bill Nye (the Science Guy) and a huge skeleton of a Carnotaurus, one of the carnivorous dinosaurs.

How much of the T. rex skeleton is real? ›

Bone by Bone

The free-standing T. rex mount in the Hall of Saurischian Dinosaurs is about 45 percent real fossils, all of them—including the vertebrae, hips, and ribs—from a specimen found by Museum fossil hunter Barnum Brown at Big Dry Creek, Montana, in 1908. The humerus and femur are casts from the T.

How do we know dinosaurs existed? ›

Everything we know about non-avian dinosaurs is based on fossils, which include bones, teeth, footprints, tracks, eggs, and skin impressions. For centuries, people throughout the world have discovered amazing fossilized bones and footprints.

What museums have real T. rex bones? ›

The entire skeleton, now known as the Wankel T. rex, was excavated and displayed at the Museum of the Rockies. In 2013 it was prepared for its journey to Washington, D.C., where it is on loan to the National Museum of Natural History for the next 50 years. It is one of the most complete skeletons of T.

Are the animals at the Natural History Museum real taxidermy? ›

A museum volunteer explained that all the animals in the hall were real, and most of them had died of old age before being donated by zoos — a fact that went a long way toward making me more comfortable with the whole exhibit.

Do museums ever sell artifacts? ›

A museum may transfer an object to another museum or sell it, but if a deaccessioned object is sold, museum professional ethics require the proceeds from the sale be used only to acquire new objects for the collection or provide direct care of the collection.

How do free museums make money? ›

Museums are funded in a lot of different ways. These might include public government funding (federal or more local), grants, university support, private funding (individuals, corporations, trusts), and donations.

Do museums buy stuff from people? ›

Museums are not in the business of buying and selling artifacts. Their mission is to collect, preserve, and interpret artifacts for the public. However, they may be interested in acquiring your artifact if it fits within their collection guidelines and if they have the funds to do so.

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